The History of Gender Inequality - 1124 Words

Gender inequality has been the main focus for many centuries through the use of discrimination and oppression women were exploited. Where women had very little rights of their own or a voice in society but made many sacrifices to achieve equal rights whether it be in employment or other areas of inequality. As men were seen as masculine breadwinners and women as more feminine by looking after the family and raring of children. What is oppression and discrimination There has been a major development in women’s equal rights since the Equality Act 2010 was introduced that includes gender equality as one of the strands which states people under this act cannot discriminate or harass and victimise another individual( Ref). The gender pay gap between men and women has been on debate for many years. This essay will examine whether or not in this modern day society their still remain gender inequalities through the use of relevant theories this essay is determined to establish whether these inequalities still exist in employment by exploring social, biological and cultural explanations and differences between men and women. Why women are more likely to be discriminated and oppressed and how I can use this awareness to challenge and address gender inequalities in employment. 1 History At the time of First World War in 1914 restrictions were applied by men and benevolent contributors for the removal of female employment in industry. In 1841 men progressively eliminated femaleShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Is A Grave Issue Throughout The History Of Time972 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality is a grave issue throughout the history of time. However, black women have gotten the shorter end of the stick, and Marita Bonner addresses this issue in her essay, â€Å"On Being Young – a Woman – and Colored.† Bonner believes that time will heal the disjunction between men and women, and more specifically the ignorance of black women’s presence in society. This essay proves that Bonner’s solution – allow time to heal – is pragmatic and history proves that it worked. Women in theRead MoreQuestions On Inequalities Of Gender Inequality1625 Words   |  7 Pages1. Inequalities of Gender 1. Discuss the various forms of Gender inequality 2. Choose and discuss two theoretical perspectives used to analyze gender inequality 3. Make sure to compare the perspectives and choose which one you align yourself with Kerbo (1994) refer to gender as the socially constructed definition of what it mean to be female or male. Sex and gender are two separate terms. Sex refers to the biological characteristics. However, gender is completely different. Gender is sociallyRead MoreGender Inequality863 Words   |  4 PagesDecember 4, 2013 Professor Fischer Gender Inequality in a Global Perspective What is Gender Inequality? Like others, a social problem that is widespread in American society is Gender inequality. It is a problem that has had a negative impact on American society. Gender inequality can be found in many sub-systems of America. It is important to understand what gender inequality is in order to identify and correct the problem. Two sub-systems that gender inequality can be found are in the family andRead MoreGender Inequality Within The Language882 Words   |  4 PagesGender inequality in language In 2013 there was a change in Sweden language that dragged people’s attention on gender inequality. Sweden has added a gender neutral pronoun â€Å"hen† into the language system. â€Å"Hen† this words represents both male and female. This events reminded people about gender inequality happened in language. Every language people speak tend to have gender inequality in them. However does it really work to just change the pronoun in the language? I think probably not. There is indeedRead MoreWhy Education Is Not An Equal Opportunity For Everyone1259 Words   |  6 PagesAdrienne Rich’s essay, Taking Women Students Seriously, she speaks of the inequality mainly affecting women while subtly hinting at the inequality present in education in regards to race and class. Gender, race and class are three characteristics that work together to create either a positive or negative profile for one’s education. When delving into the content of Rich’s essay, the author clearly indicates her focus on the gender imbalance in education and how that impacts the lives of women. Women’sRead MoreEducation Is Not An Equal Opportunity For Everyone1473 Words   |  6 PagesAdrienne Rich’s essay, â€Å"Taking Women Students Seriously†, she speaks of the inequality mainly affecting women while subtly hinting at the inequality present in education in regards to race and class. Gender, race and class are three characteristics that work together to create either a positive or negative profile for one’s education. When delving into the content of Rich’s essay, the author clearly indicates her focus on the gender imbalance in education and how that impacts the lives of women. Women’sRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The American Ideal 964 Words   |  4 PagesVasi Papadopulos Mr. Lofaro 20 American History September 28, 2015 The American Ideal As expressed in the constitution, the United States has not lived up to the ideal of equality. Economic inequality has surged into a greater issue over the past several years. Gender inequality is something that has began to reduce in the US ever since the 1900s. Even though big changes have been made, gender inequality stills exists in the workplace due to many reasons. Furthermore, ever since colonial times, racismRead MoreSocial Construction Theory And Gender Roles1179 Words   |  5 Pagesargues that gender roles, behaviours, and differences are not the natural consequence of minor biological differences, but are instead the result of historical, economic, and cultural forces which have pushed women into social and economic roles and men into others. It sees biology as providing the raw materials, and sees social institutions, culture, history and individual agency as what shape those raw materials into human beings who also happen to be gendered as men, women, and other genders † ( KlementRead MoreGender Inequality Of The United States1363 Words   |  6 Pagesof color, you’re going to be underpaid, so there’s really no point,† Daniel recalled (â€Å"Career and Workplace† 4). A future law graduate was told to throw away her dreams in regards to gender inequality. A girl named Reshma Daniel had to give up what she loved most because of a situation regarding both her race and gender. Reshma Daniel’s parents moved to America from India with just a couple dollars. Her parents wanted their children to live the American life. For Daniel, that simply meant law schoolRead MoreGender Inequality : Today s Society Essay1377 Words   |  6 Pages Gender inequality has become an ongrowing issue in today’s society. This issue begun in early history and has grown over time. In early days it simply began as women not being able to vote or not being able to work. This has improved over time and now women have gained those rights, but there are still inequalities in today’s society between genders. When most people think of gender inequality they automatically think of women. Men have also started to become victims of gender inequality.

Persuasive Essay - Martin Luther King, Jr. - 891 Words

If a man hasnt discovered something he will die for, then he hasnt got a reason to live. These were famous words of the late Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., spoken June 23, 1963 in Detroit, Michigan. Why do so many people fear death, fight for their country, defend their honor, seek love, stand up for their principles, go on living in the face of adversity, or believe in God? Each of these things involves living beyond the immediate moment, and all of them have at least one thing in common, and that is a sense of meaning. These are examples of big meaning, but in fact every conscious event has significance, no matter how small, fleeting, or trivial the event might be. Even if we can someday explain all behavior in terms of†¦show more content†¦Their potential to take on the fundamentally new form of a sunflower remains unexpressed. Without a spark, a cloud of gas is just a cloud of gas. Reason allows the raw materials to combine in interesting new ways, making refined, strengthened products. Some may say that it is possible to just live life, and to never worry of the stumble or strife involved with finding your true meaning. But that in itself is finding meaning for living; to live life at its fullest. Also, it is even quite possible to search for the deeper meaning while just living for today, because today is the best place to find that very meaning. Lets summarize by saying this, there is only one I in the universe. This universal I is one-and-same to that which you identify as you as an individual, when you introspect upon your own existence, although from the perspective of your individual, you are unaware of the universality of your own being. It is to be understood that when I say that there is only one I in the universe, I am implying that there is some significant sense in which the matter of which I am composed is identical to the matter of which you are composed. Since our own being is driven by the search for purpose, it is this, the search for the meaning within meaning, which drives all of us. If you havent got meaning in your life, then you havent a reason to live atShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesThe essays by Martin Luther King Jr., â€Å"Letters From Birmingham Jail† and Henry David Thoreau, â€Å"Civil Disobedience† show how one can be a civil person and protest against unfair, unjust laws forced upon them. Both authors are very persuasive in their letter writings. Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King Jr. write about the injustice of government laws, of right and wrong, and one’s moral and upstanding conscience of a human being. Martin Luther King Jr. is a religious, peaceful man who usesRead More Martin Luther King Jr. and Frederick Douglass Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. and Frederick Douglass When comparing two essays, there are many different aspects that the reader can look at to make judgments and opinions. In the two essays that I choose, MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. Letter from Birmingham Jail, and FREDERICK DOUGLASS From Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, there were many similarities, but also many differences. Some of them being, the context, style, structure and tone. Many times when readingsRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Research Paper1430 Words   |  6 PagesCommunications Essay DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. SPEECH â€Å"I HAVE A DREAM† Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15 , 1929 and died on April 4, 1968. He was born Michael Luther King Jr. but decided to change his name to Martin. Both Martin Luther’s grandfather and father were pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. Martin Luther carried on the tradition and served as pastor from 1960-1968 (Nobel Prize, 1). He was a big part of the civil rights movement for his raceRead MoreCivil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau and Letter From Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King Jr.909 Words   |  4 Pages The essays, Civil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau, and Letter from a Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King, Jr., incorporate the authors’ opinions of justice. Each author efficiently shows their main point; Thoreau deals with justice as it relates to government, he asks for,†not at one no government, but at once a better government.†(Paragraph 3). King believed,† injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. (Paragraph 4). Each essay shows a valid argument for justice, but KingsRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead MoreMlk Rhetorical Analysis Essay example1178 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis on Martin Luther King Junior’s Letter from Birmingham Jail In Martin Luther King Junior’s Letter from Birmingham Jail, MLK uses ethos, logos, and pathos powerfully and effectively to present his argument that the discrimination of African Americans all over the country is unbearable and should be outlawed forever. King wrote the letter in Birmingham, Alabama after a peaceful protest against segregation which was King’s way of reinforcing his belief that without forceful, directRead MoreHenry David Thoreau: Great Influence to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.629 Words   |  3 Pagesgreatly influenced by the writer Ralph Waldo Emerson, (who introduced Thoreau to the ideas of transcendentalism) Martin Luther King, Jr.s thinking was greatly influenced by that of Thoreaus. He was most probably influenced more by Indias Mahatma Gandhi; however, Gandhis principles were mainly based on those of Thoreau. Though Thoreau lived more than 100 years before the time of King, his thinking remained an influential legacy. They each wrote based on contemporary events that had been going onRead More Comparing Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience and Kings Letter From a Birmingham Jail1043 Words   |  5 Pagesand Martin Luther Kings Letter From a Birmingham Jail The two essays, Civil Disobedience, by Henry David Thoreau, and Letter From a Birmingham Jail, by Martin Luther King, Jr., effectively illustrate the authors opinions of justice. Each author has his main point; Thoreau, in dealing with justice as it relates to government, asks for not at once no government, but at once a better government. King contends that injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. Both essays offerRead MoreEssay about Use of Rhetorical Devices in Letter from Birmingham Jail1105 Words   |  5 PagesLetter From Birmingham Jail In Kings essay, Letter From Birmingham Jail, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. Kings eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make Letter From Birmingham Jail one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20th century. In BirminghamRead MoreMartin Luther Kings Leadership Style2712 Words   |  11 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. A role model leader Faculty: Business Administration Course: Leadership Presented by: Nana Akhobadze â€Å"Leadership is an influence process that assists groups of individuals toward goal attainment† (Peter G. Northouse, 2010). According to the definition in order to accomplish this â€Å"process† group of individuals (followers) have to be influenced by an individual (leader) who should motivate, inspire, guide and direct group members towards mutual goal. This is exactly

Restorative Justice The Justice System - 1931 Words

Introduction Restorative justice is a comparative newcomer to the world of criminal justice; however restorative justice has been around, ‘officially’- by means of legislation for 14 years, and unofficially (in innovative practice), for longer. The knowledge and skills associated with restorative justice have slowly but surely migrated to other services, such as education, with startling results (Daniels, 2013). With the criminal justice system being so unfair and bias for years maybe even centuries, restorative justice has been bought up as a useful tool for victims and offenders. Plenty of scholarly articles, journals, books, and research have been written about Restorative Justice. A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE Restorative justice is an innovative approach to the criminal justice system that focuses on repairing the harm caused by crimes committed. The methods used in the conventional justice system may deter the offender from committing further crimes, but it does neither repair the harm caused, nor help them acknowledge their responsibility, instead it stigmatizes them, worsening the situation instead of improving it. Many have attempted to facilitate a consensual understanding for RJ. The truth is that has not yet been possible for RJ proponents to formulate a definition to which all would be subscribed. (Gavrielides, 2008) What’s required for the successes of restorative justice when an event occurs that disrupt the equilibrium, methods must be establishShow MoreRelatedRestorative Justice : The Justice System1993 Words   |  8 Pages Restorative Justice in the Criminal Justice System Nathan Tabita Columbia College Abstract Throughout this paper, various articles will be discussed in further detail on the issue of restorative justice within the criminal justice system in the United States. Both benefits and disadvantages of restorative justice will be analyzed, in order to have a greater understanding of the alternative justice program, and to remove any preconceived ideas unsubstantiated by facts. FocusRead MoreRestorative Justice And Justice System2338 Words   |  10 Pages Restorative justice has some key restorative values that are vital in the restorative justice conference to make the experience ‘restorative’. Concerning addressing victim needs and concerns means for listening, respecting, being non-judgmental, not blaming the victim and apologizing. The RJ system was bought as an alternative to the criminal justice system to give greater emphasis on victim rights and needs, offender accountability and community involvement. Throughout the essay, there will beRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1905 Words   |  8 Pagestwo forms of justice that the American society has come to know today. One is the traditional justice system and the other is restorative justice. The first half of this paper will provide an overview of how justice is achieved using the traditional due process system of our criminal justice system. Specifically, I will assess each step of due process, pointing out the possible outcomes of how justice is traditionally attained. I will also provide several examples of how the system has successfullyRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Justice System1044 Words   |  5 PagesRestorative justice has can be seen to have multiple definitions among the most used are: A) a theory of justice that focuses on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior and B) an approach of justice that aims to satisfy the needs of the victims and offenders, as well as the entire community. The most broadly accepted definition of restorative justice, however, is a process where all the parties that have equal power in a specific offense and collectively come to a solution on how to deal withRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Justice System2505 Words   |  11 PagesRESTORATIVE JUSTICE A DEFINITION The Oxford Dictionary defines the word restorative as having the ability to restore (i.e. repair, renovate or reinstate) health, strength or a feeling of well-being. Also, it defines the word justice as the administration of the law or authority in maintaining just behaviour or treatment. Thus, in lay man’s terms restorative justice would mean having the ability to reinstate a feeling of well-being by the administration of the law. Although there is an increasedRead MoreRestorative And Restorative Justice System3870 Words   |  16 PagesRestorative verses Retributive Justice Approaches in Context Background The criminal justice system is a set of agencies and processes established by governments to control crime and impose penalties on those who violate laws. Different jurisdictions have diverse laws, agencies, and ways of managing criminal justice processes. In recent years, it has been debated that the criminal justice system has two primary and possibility conflicting perspectives known as the retributive justice approachRead MoreRestorative Justice : The Criminal Justice System987 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept in the criminal justice arena, restorative justice has become a popular tool in the fields of both victimology and criminology (Doble Greene, 2000). According to Doble Greene, (2000) Restorative justice has been defined as: â€Å"A theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused or revealed by criminal behavior. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders.† Unlike the traditional criminal justice system, restorative justice main focus is on repairingRead MoreRestorative Justice And The Criminal Justice System2380 Words   |  10 PagesTo What Extent Should Restorative Justice be incorporated within the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales? (2500 words) This essay will look into the notion of restorative justice and its relationship with the criminal justice system in England and Wales. Furthermore, it will also seek to show the extent of the relationship that the two hold. I believe that although some academics have provided research on the potential benefits regarding young offenders (Katz, 2000), there are still fundamentalRead MoreRestorative Justice Is A System Of Criminal Justice1948 Words   |  8 PagesRestorative justice is a system of criminal justice that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large. Understanding the definition may be really hard to understand, however when we put it in a different form that many can understand it comes down to repair, encounter and transformation. Our book describes restorative justice in three parts as accountability, community protection and competency development (Sieh, 2006). AccountabilityRead MoreRestorative Justice vs. the Criminal Justice System965 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Restorative justice is a humanistic way of addressing the gap that exists between constructive resolution of crime and the institutional systems devised by societies to address crime and manage criminals. The tack that restorative justice takes is to ameliorate the impact of crime on victims and other individuals, and to establish a responsive model of crime prevention and response to criminal incidents. Conventional criminal justice relies on the threat of punishment in order to

Racism in the Unites States Essay - 2381 Words

Racism in the Unites States The cause of the black riots in the 1960s consisted of many things. Firstly there was he issue of race; blacks could not get jobs, whites wouldnt employ them many whites preferred to employ Chicanos as their skin colour is slightly lighter. There was great tension between the Blacks and the Chicanos both for jobs, houses and federal money. Blacks where getting more money than the Chicanos even though there where more Chicanos living in Los Angles. The next reason for the riots was that many Blacks could not afford houses, they couldnt afford the houses as no-one would employ them and the jobs they did get they where paid half the amount a white man would be paid to the†¦show more content†¦Finally, there were the negative and unconstructive encounters with the white police officers and the Black people. Not many people knew about these encounters but it made the Blacks resent them. A lot of motivation that caused the 1960s riots where the years of Jim Crow laws that the Blacks had to endure. The Jim Cow laws where passed in 1896; they where laws that frustrated the Blacks as it segregated them to control their behaviour; they consisted of laws like marriage between Blacks and Whites where forbidden, Black people could not give blood to white people and Blacks and whites where just generally segregated from each other. This was because the whites attitude was that Blacks were lower than whites and they could not be mixed. Blacks were discriminated against by the Los Angeles Police department. White police officers lied in their reports on routine felony cases. Blacks where tortured even if they hadnt done anything wrong. Their fingers where bent back, their handcuffs tightened and their heads where slammed in car doors. With all this inequality between the Blacks and the Whites the riots where inevitable, the Blacks could not just sit by and let this happen to them. 2.The causes of the 1992 riots where not too dissimilar to the causes of the riots in 1965. The main cause and motivation was the attack on Rodney King. Rodney King, a black manShow MoreRelatedAutobiography Of Malcolm X1614 Words   |  7 Pagesnationalism and separatism. The man who became one of America’s most powerful voices for African Americans was deeply affected by the terrors of racism, which shaped his view of social justice and the condemnation of the white man. The way Malcolm X narrates his experiences changes as his views on race change. At first, he wants readers to feel the destructiveness of racism, so he conveys his experiences through provocative language. When he aims to promote universal peace, he takes on a more optimistic toneRead MoreInstitutional Racism And Integration Of Diverse Policies918 Words   |  4 PagesSolution #1 Understanding the History of Institutional Racism and Integration of Diverse Policies Institutional Racism (also known as Institutionalized Racism) is a system of unequal policies placed in social and political institutions based on race. The organizations are commonly comprised within government, education, and a judicial form of injustice that fails to offer the same goods and services to those of color and provides fewer opportunities within these entities of society. The term wasRead MoreRacism Against African Americans : Racism1575 Words   |  7 PagesBryce Harris Mrs. Rakis EWRC 3 4 February 2016 Racism against African Americans â€Å"I believe in human beings, and that all human beings should be respected as such, regardless of their color.†-Malcom X. Is racism against the African American descent still a big issue in America? Racism against African Americans has been going on for quite some time and yes, it’s still a continuous problem. People believe it has settled down over time, but it’s still a major issue that we as AmericansRead MoreSaving Feminism : Fight Segregation860 Words   |  4 Pagesbiases also influence the fact that women from different races can’t unite. However, even though there are discrepancies between white feminists and feminists of color, a united, single feminist movement is possible in order to have a stronger movement and achieve the goals feminism aims for. In a question-answer session with Pat Mitchell published in TED, Madeleine Albright, who was the first American female Secretary of State, said: â€Å"There is a special place in hell for women who don’t help otherRead MoreRacial Profiling of Arabic People after September 11 Essay1197 Words   |  5 Pages A series of tragic events occurred in United States. On September 11th, 2001 the Twin Towers in New York City were destroyed by two planes that were hijacked by Arabic people. As planes were crashing into the Twin Towers, regular people saw the tragedy take place. All they could do was stare in despair as they watched the towers come crumbling down. The Pentagon in Virginia also was also crashed into by a hijacked plane. Thousands died and many were left injured. The Arabian people laughedRead MoreAmerica Is A Melting Pot1709 Words   |  7 Pages20th centuries, people began immigrating to the Unites States from regions in Northern and Southern Europe which include groups such as Jews and Italians. By residing in the U.S they began to amalgamate into the melting pot, thereby adopting the American lifestyle. Many would dispute that assimilation or Amer icanization was more so the process of stripping one’s identity to preserve or maintain the American culture. Assimilation in the Unites States was designed to conserve the prevalence of the EnglishRead MoreNazi Germany And The Nazi Party1613 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Nazi Germany in the period 1928 through to 1941, racism was utilized by Hitler, and in turn his Nazi party, firstly to secure Hitler’s position as a dictator, and secondly to unite the German people against a common enemy, which would lead to a united powerful state, ready and able to exert its national will. Whether or not his aims were oppressive in nature is debatable but, his aims for racial purification and domination over Eastern Europe are made obvious before Hitler’s assumptionRead MoreEssay on An Analysis of the Song Changes by Tupac1335 Words   |  6 PagesSubjects like racial-profiling, poverty and racism affect the everyday life of African-Americans. In the song â€Å"Changesà ¢â‚¬ , Tupac gives an inside look at the daily life of a poor African-American. Tupac seems to be trying to express the idea that changes needs to be made in order to put an end to poverty and racism that African-Americans face every day. Tupac also criticizes the dispersion of African-Americans over the idea to unite and overcome the poverty and racism they face. The song was titled â€Å"Changes†Read MoreCesaire: The Discourse on Colonialism Essay1111 Words   |  5 Pagesillustrates a compelling relationship between colonized states and the proletariat class. 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The process of departmentalization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2160 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Organizational structure consists of the activities such as task distribution, management and coordination which are directed toward achieving the goals of the organization. It can be a mode through which organization operates and perform. Actually it is the activity in which organization deals how to manage its task, supervision and how to coordinate common task or common things which each other. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The process of departmentalization" essay for you Create order How to assemble common things to bring effectiveness. What kind of decision making should take place? Organizational structure effects the organizational action by providing the foundation on which operating procedures and routine rest and it determines which individual get to participate in the decision making. There are six key elements that managers need go through when they are designing organizational structure. Following are the six elements: Work Specialization If we first just look into a word specialization, what first come in our mind is that some thing we can do perfectly. A general meaning of specialization can be a complete knowledge about one`s job which he is performing. So we can get a clear meaning of work specialization that work is sub divided into separate job according to the one`s specialization. The one who can perform any one task perfectly, he will assign to do that task only. For example: The task is to stitch a T-shirt. In stitching a T-shirt, it goes under a process. This process is divided into different steps like stitching of sleeves, cutting of T-shirt, making of neck and etc. So instead of stitching one whole T-shirt by a single person, the tasks divided. Sleeves are stitched by one person; another person is cutting the T-shirt and so on. The steps are divided into different individuals. Doing one task again and again not only makes the individuals perfect in performing it but also save time. Repetition of task increases the speed of the individuals. For Example: Considering the same example of stitching a T-shirt, if one person is stitching only sleeves, his speed will be increase because of repetition of task. He will stitch sleeves quickly. So due to work specialization, speed is increases and task can be completed more rapidly. Work Specialization is beneficial for organization because training for specialization is more efficient. It is easier and less costly to trained employees for specific task rather than a whole task. For Example: Taking again the example of stitching of a T-shirt, instead of training how to stitch whole T-shirt to each and every individual, it is more easier to teach them only one step of stitching of a T-shirt. But in certain cases, organizations have to suffer from human diseconomies from specialization. Reason behind human diseconomies can be boredom, fatigue, stress, low productivity, poor quality, increased absenteeism and high tur n over. Productivity can be increased by enlarging the scope of job activities rather than narrowing it. It is found that productivity can be increase when employees are given with a variety of activities to do, allowing them to perform the whole task, and putting them into teams with compatible skills. In some organization, it is preferable and in some organization it is not. Consistent use of work specialization can create problems. So after some time, we should assign another job to the individual. Departmentalization When many individuals are performing common jobs in the organization, they need to coordinate with each other. So on the basis of common jobs, individuals are grouped together. Grouping of individuals are called Departmentalization. There are five traditional methods for grouping work activities: Departmentalization by Functions Functional Departmentalization is grouping activities by functions performed. The function here means the nature of the business. The advantage of this type of departmentalization is obtaining efficiencies from putting similar specialties and people of common skills, knowledge and course together in common units. So when people of common skills will work together, they can generate more ideas and the work can be more efficient due to which organization can also achieve economies of scale. It can be practice in all types of organization. For Example: In XYZ organization, there are several departments like Human Resource, Accounting, Information Technology, Marketing, Finance and etc. Departmentalization by Products Departments in organization can be made according to the products they produce. Task can be grouped according to the specific products that`s mean placing all the activities related to a product under the one manager. Manager`s are specialist and responsible for everything related to the product line. Due to this it increases the accountability for product performance. For Example: In XYZ organization, they manufactured many products like detergents, shampoo, soaps, butter, ice cream and etc. These products are placed into different departments under one manager. Departmentalization by Geographical Regions It is grouping the activities on the basis of territory. If an organization have its customers geographically dispersed, it can group jobs on the based on geography. For Example: In XYZ organization, the sales of its product are geographically dispersed in Pakistan. It has departments by provinces, like Sindh, Baluchistan, N.W.F.P and Punjab. Departmentalization by Process Grouping activities on the basis of product, services or customers. Process departmentalization allows homogenous activities to be categorize in which each process requires different skills. For Example: When we go to hospital for surgery, first we go to reception for admitting process, then undergo a procedure in surgery, receive operative care, and then get discharge. This process of surgery is divided into different departments. Departmentalization by Customers Grouping activities on the basis of common customers or types of customer. Different departments are made to serve the common type of customers. The assumption is that the customers of each department have common problems or need which is fulfilled by the departments. These departments are under supervision of the specialist who meet the problems and needs of the customers For example: In XYZ organization, sales activities are broken down in different departments according to the customers. Departments can be retailers, wholesaler and departmental stores Chain of Command Chain of command is the authority, communication and responsibility along which orders are passed in the organization. We can say that the order from top management to the lowest rank is the chain of command. This order should be followed by every employee in the organization. The orders flow downwards in the chain of command whereas accountability flows upwards. For Example: If the manager of the company gives the order that every one should come at 8:00 am sharp and the break will be at 1:00 pm to 2:00 pm. One who don`t follow the rules and regulations of the organization will have to pay fine of Rs.500. Then every one in the organization should follow it. There are two concepts in chain of command: Authority and Unity of command. Authority is that managers have right to give orders. Each manager of the organization can give orders to meet organizational goals and orders should be obeyed by the employees. They are responsible towards all the managers. But due to several superiors, employees might have to face conflicting demand. For Example: Manager A is giving orders to increase the sales 5% as compared to last year and Manager B is giving orders to reduce cost per unit. So the orders of both managers should be obeyed. Unity of command is that one and only one person has right to give orders in the organization. The orders of that person should to obey by every one in the organization. All the employees are directly responsible to him. For Example: There is only one manager in the organization who has right to give orders. According to his orders, sales should increase by 5% as compared to last year. This is the only order which should be followed by the employees. But nowadays, chain of command is rarely practiced in the organizations because of advancement in the technologies and trend towards empowering employees. Employees are given rights to take decision so that production can be more effective and efficient. Through advanc ement of technology, employees can communicate any where easily. Designing of new structures, there is need of many bosses in which unity of command is not possible. But still some organization found that chain of command can be productive. Span of Control Span of control is that a manager can handle how many employees in organization efficiently and effectively. Manager is how much capable enough to direct the employees. Whether employees are following his command or not. Span of control determines number of levels and managers organization has. Span of control can be categorized into two types; wider span and narrow span. In wider span there are less levels and less number of managers. Wider span is better because division of work become easy and organization became more efficient. Due to less number of managers, organization have less salary expense so it means it is more efficient in terms of cost but is not effective. As the span is wider, and less number of managers, it is difficult for manager to supervision them. They are not able to manage employees because the numbers of employees are greater. For Example: In XYZ organization, there are 1000 employees working in the organization where there 3 levels of manager; top ma nager, middle manager and lower manager but the productivity is not effective because managers are not able to handle the employees. They don`t have time to supervise them because the span is wider. In small span, there are fewer numbers of employees working under the head of one manager. But the disadvantages of small span is that it is expensive because fewer employees are working under one manager, and more the manager more will be the salary expense. Secondly, communication in organization is difficult. As manager is supervising attentive, employees are not able to communicate. And thirdly overly strict observation of manager on employees, employee get discourage that organization dont trust them, they are keep eye on them. For Example: In a restaurant, there are 100 employees and 10 supervision which means uniformly 10 employees will be control by one supervisor. Centralization and Decentralization Centralization refers that decision making in the organization can be done by only top management. It is the formal authority that top management will give decisions which will be followed by every one without any changes. When only top managers make decision without any opinion of lower level employees, the organization is centralized. In simple words, top managers has right to take decision without any view of lower level of manager is called centralization. For Example: Top management decided that the medical facility of the employees will not be provided for six month because company is suffering from loss for 2 years. It is the decision which is taken by only top management without any recommendation of lower level of employees. Decentralization refers that decision making is not only restricted to top management. Decisions are also made by lower level employees because they are more towards the action of performance. They can quickly solve the problem and more people are involved in giving decision. Decentralization make employees feel that organization is trusting on them and giving right to make decisions. For Example: The problem is that company is suffering from loss for 2 years. The employees concluded that as the factory is closed for 5 to 6 days per month in a year due to strikes in the country, productivity of the organization is low. So to achieve the productivity, employees will do over time. Today in modern world, most of the organization is following decentralization. It makes organization more flexible and responsive. Lower level employees have more knowledge as they are more close to the actions, so they can take better decision than top management. Formalization Standardization of job within the organization is called formalization. The rules and regulations within the organization are strictly followed. It is very clear that what is to be done, when it is to done and how it is to be done. There are no changes in the job of the employees. Employees have to produce same input in exactly the same way. The work process is strictly defined with rules and regulation is called high formalization. There is disadvantage of high formalization is that the work is already define to the employees so they don`t think or try to do work with there own self. The input of employees is low. As the work is already describe so they also don`t think for alternatives. For Example: Organization had strict rules and regulation. Every one should be on their desk at 8:00 am sharp and salary will be deducted Rs 200 on every absent who ever has more than 3 absent in a month Whereas work process is not strictly defined or non programmed, they has freedom to d o what ever they want to do. They can makes amendment in the work process as it is desire. When jobs are not strictly described to the employees, it is called low formalization

The French Revolution And The Revolution - 1985 Words

The French Revolution in 1789 marked an important turn in European history. It indicated the end of Absolutism and the implementation of ideas of the Enlightenment based on liberty, equality, and personal freedom. It took away power from the monarchy and in turn focused on the people of France and way they had to say. Eventually, the revolution turned France into a society based on the enlightenment and historians, to this day, continue to debate the causes of the French Revolution. The most significant cause of the French Revolution was Absolutism because it was supported by the Three Estates, allowed unsuitable monarchs to rule the country, and caused the spread of Enlightenment ideas. Absolutism is a system of government in which the monarch exerts complete control over the country’s land and people. In an Absolute monarchy, the government and its power is centralized at the country’s capital. Land owned by European monarchs by the end of the Renaissance became the countries of Europe known today. These powerful monarchies existed in Austria, Russia, and modern day Germany, as well as France, Portugal, and England. By the early 1600s, Absolute monarchy was established. Many monarchs were felt that they had divine right, the belief that monarchs were destined by God to reign and to go against that would be considered a crime. This belief helped ensure Absolutism because it allowed the monarch to actually claim all the power for himself since the people would considerShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And French Revolutions2006 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough the American and French revolutions both took place in the late 18th century, both fought fo r independence, and both portrayed patriotism, the revolutions are markedly different in their origins; one which led to the world’s longest lasting democracy and the other to a Napoleonic Dictatorship. Political revolutions in America and France happened because people felt dissatisfied with the way their country was run. In North America they rebelled against rule from a foreign power, they wantedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war d eclared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. 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This is considered a major turning point in European history which has led to dramatic changes in France and other regions of the world. Various social and political issues led to the start of the revolution. Politically, France suffered under the rule of Louis XVI, who ruled by absolute monarchy. Many people had their natural rights renounced and weren’t able to have a political voice. SociallyRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1180 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the historical timeline, one can see that the French Revolution derived after the Enlightenment, which brought different ways of thinking, and different outlooks on government and society (553),(555),(558). The Enlightenment also changed the world of public debate, and established some ideas central to the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 occurred due to government debt, class co nflict, bankruptcy, the Enlightenment, and the rule of absolutism. These social, economic, and

Breastfeeding Vs. Formula Nutrition Essay - 1302 Words

As you get ready to welcome your baby and introduce her to this world, you are flooded with thoughts of how to take care of your little one in the best possible way. You find that motherhood is not only about loving and caring, it is also about making a few conscious decisions to help your child grow in a healthy manner. One such decision is whether to breastfeed your baby or to offer her formula nutrition. Deciding between breastfeeding and formula nutrition is purely a personal choice. But as a mother you must remain aware of a few facts about both the feeding methods. Read on to know more about breastfeeding vs. formula nutrition. Breastfeeding Breast milk is the best food for your baby. The advantages of breastfeeding for your newborn are many. Advantages for the baby Breast milk provides all the necessary proteins, vitamins, sugar and fats essential for an infant’s growth It also provides the required calcium necessary for the development of bones and teeth Breast milk is easily digested and absorbed by the baby’s system It leads to normal weight gain Breast milk is always fresh and easily available whenever the baby needs it Breastfeed is vital in the development of the infant’s immune system It acts as the baby’s natural defence against a lot of diseases like diarrhoea, anaemia, skin disease, meningitis, etc. It contains infection fighting properties that offers protection against infections of the ear, urinary and respiratory tracts. It acts as a deterrent againstShow MoreRelatedBreast Feding vs. Formula Feeding862 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Feeding vs. Formula Feeding There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. Some things to consider when deciding which to choose are: cost, convenience, nutrition, and the health benefits to both the baby and to the mother. In terms of cost, an advantage to breastfeeding is that breast milk is free. Its estimated that breastfeeding can save you thousands of dollars a year, depending on the brand of formula that would have been used instead. AccordingRead MoreExpository Essay - Breastfeeding1448 Words   |  6 Pagestheir child’s life. This one decision that will give your child the best start in life is very simple; breastfeeding. Breastfeeding has numerous physical and psychological benefits that it provides an infant. These benefits are often greatly underestimated and under-emphasized. There are many details that go into enforcing the fact that breastfeeding has been proven to be the optimal nutrition for infants, and these details are crucial in encouraging mothers to do what is ultimately the best thingRead MoreThe Breast Vs. Bottle Debate1718 Words   |  7 Pages The Breast vs. Bottle Debate Deciding whether to formula feed or breastfeed ones baby is one of the biggest and most crucial decisions expectant and new parents will make before giving birth. Organizations such as World Health Organizations (WHO), American Medical Association (AMA), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and American Dietetic Association recommend breastfeeding as the best option for the newborn. Most of these organizations and other supporters of breastfeeding affirm that it defendsRead MoreThe Vs. Formula For Infants Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pages Boobies Vs Formula When a woman delivers a baby, she has many questions to think about, like what shots to give them, where the baby should sleep, and what type of diapers they should use. One of the hardest decisions a new mother has to make is whether or not to breastfeed their baby. 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Many women today are opting for formula, but what is the best choice? There are advantages and disadvantages to both breastfeeding and formula feeding. You need to carefully weigh the pros and cons before you make your decision. There are very distinct nutritional differences between breast milk and formula. Nutritional ly, breast milk is exactly what your baby needs. Breast milk will also helpRead MoreBreast Feeding Vs. The Bottle1326 Words   |  6 PagesBreast-feeding vs. The Bottle: The Decision is yours â€Å"Some mothers have to give up breastfeeding even though they want to breastfeed. To give up breastfeeding can be a sensitive issue in a time when breastfeeding is promoted as the healthiest for mother and child† (Larsen Kronborg, 2013, p. 848). The debate over whether breast-feeding is better than bottle-feeding or vice versa has been a debate for many years. 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Protecting the Welfare of Nonhuman Animals - 1606 Words

‘Hominum causa omne ius constitutum: all law was established for man’s sake’. Endorsed by early Judaeo-Christian beliefs, holding that humans were created in God’s image having ‘dominion over all animals’. This statement remains true today, despite such assertions being undermined by scientific developments proving homo sapiens to simply be biological entities like any other organism. Such discoveries call into scrutiny the determination of rights on the basis of species and have lead to modern philosophers asserting the contention that animals should be included within the spectrum of rights. Regan, advocating a rights based approach, argues that rights should be afforded to all who possess consciousness, namely ‘mammals aged one year†¦show more content†¦For Singer sentience provides the ability for an interest, and an ability to have an interest is sufficient grounds to claim that a being has an interest, and each interest should be considered equally. It is for this reason that Singer’s approach differs from Regan’s. Regan argued that humans and nonhuman animals are ‘subjects of a life’ and as a result of this, it is the ‘inherent value of animals that matters’. Advocating a ‘respect principle’ where rights are conferred to all who possess consciousness, namely ‘mammals aged one year or more’ on the basis that they have inherent value deserving of respect. Although similar to Kant, Regan argues that there is no way to differentiate between humans and nonhuman animals without resorting to speciesism and to do so violates the respect principle as it facilitates the trading of animal rights in certain circumstances. Both Singer and Regan reject Kantian assertions that humans are special as they can fulfil what he termed ‘categorical imperative’, which is to only do what can be universalised, arguing that rationality, autonomy and the ability for verba l communication is not a justification for the maltreatment of animals. ToShow MoreRelatedImportance Of Animal Testing1726 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing: Is it necessary? People take medicine, and they wear makeup. Most people own one or two or maybe more pets. Some people love their pets as if they were their own children. Pets are loved and taken care of. They are rescued and adopted. But do people know that they are treated the opposite in a laboratory? It is estimated that every year, 26 million animals are used for scientific and commercial testing in the United States. There are many reasons animals are used for testing. SomeRead MoreShould Zoos Be Shut Down756 Words   |  4 PagesModern people are familiar with zoos because it is a place where most of people get the knowledge of wild animals and natural environment. With the upturn of living standard, zoo has become a necessary facility of a city. However, controversies about whether the zoo should be shut down or not have become more and more serious. 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In order for this method to work, however, each person must first feel a moral responsibility to play his or her part in protecting the environment. In fact, a sense of personal responsibility may be the single most important factor in creating and implementing more sustainable practices. Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy, because it offers us a straightforward way to determine

Patisserie Shop in Dubai

Question: Discuss the Report for Patisserie Shop in Dubai. Answer: Part 1: Stating the objective In the near future, I intend to get involved in pastries or bakery. Particularly I would like to open a Patisserie shop in Dubai. I picked this trade since I appreciate preparing and cooking a wide range of nourishment, I mainly appreciate preparing and eating pastries. I might want to prepare wedding cakes for weddings, birthdays, and for any uncommon event. I would likewise appreciate contending in cake appears. At that point, when I am prepared to resign I want to have the capacity to write a book on my experience to help any other person that might need to open up his or her patisserie shop business. Part 2: Identifying costs/benefits and the method Identifying Costs According to Baumann McAllister (2015), each business is distinctive. From costs to staff necessities, a business' needs are exclusive, as is the measure of cash invested to get it off the ground. Opening a pastry kitchen may be perceived as easy; in any case, one should take the opportunity to draft a plan appropriately to guarantee a bread shop is effective. The financial plan for each pastry shop is distinctive, contingent upon an assortment of components including size, area, items and the technique. By evaluating salary, estimating costs and arranging for the unforeseen, anybody can plan a strategy that will lead a pastry kitchen/patisserie shop to achievement. Thomas (2014) puts it better that various startup costs are connected with opening a pastry shop. For instance, someone has to acquire nearly all of the materials needed to begin a patisserie shop. Additionally he/she needs to guarantee the instruments required in order to be fruitful, for example, blenders, stoves and other fundamental necessities. The overall costs include office related costs, for example, development and rental charges, startup supply in addition to diverse resources essential to begin the bread shop. Whilst creating a budget to open a pastry kitchen, the key thing to front is to discern the sum of money required to invest in the venture by offering pastries to the market. One key segment of drafting a budget is thinking about items that will have a set of cost, for instance, rolls of bread, treats and biscuits. The valuing system must work while finishing custom orders for individual customers; for instance, outlining and heating in an oven a custom wedding cake. The measure of profits anticipated will give an estimation of the amount of cost a pastry shop can have without losing cash (Baumann McAllister, 2015). Identifying Benefits With wild rivalry from basic sellers and other box retailers such as supermarkets, an effective pastry shop must be set up to meet the requests of its clients with the same accommodation as the other retailers, however, it should be of higher quality. To make and keep up progress in such a challenging industry, a new pastry shop must be arranged well before its grand opening. Working a bread shop can be a troublesome endeavor with startup hardware costs, generation due dates, holding fast to security and upkeep directions and overwhelming nearby rivalry for clients. There are, nevertheless, some key advantages of running a patisserie shop. The main benefit is having control over a retail business in which someone can build up a reliable client base and extend to other places when the time is correct (Thomas, 2014). One of the geniuses of running a pastry kitchen is having control on the items and their sums (Zimmerer, 2010). Moreover, there is an array of alternatives including a practically perpetual assortment of breads, cakes, cakes, brownies and pies. Concentrating on a specific product offering in order to have practical experience is usually recommended so that that pastry chef can idealize the formula and assembling of it. Additionally a pastry chef can pick things of the month, for example, pumpkin flavor biscuits and bagels amid October to pull in clients. This depends on the way that individuals need to eat and countless appreciation. Therefore, they will pay for crisp items. Heated things are solace sustenance that can be set up as exceptionally nutritious and wonderful (Zimmerer, 2010). Innovativeness The pastry shop business offers potential for extraordinary imagination. A pastry chef and his staff can try different things with unique formulas, energizing presentations of items and can express the bread shop's style with improvements. Representatives who are permitted to express their thoughts are more fulfilled by their work than the individuals who are required to create the same things all the day (Laporte and Le Tallec, 2012). Potential for Extension An advantage of running a pastry shop is that an investor can regularly extend the business as required. Occasionally, there is a chance to move into a bigger region or to add on to present office. Regardless of the fact that an investor does not amplify the physical size of the pastry kitchen, he/she regularly can build the quantity of various items on offer and the sums prepared in a session. Cautious observing of offers and considering the costs of fixings are basic in figuring out whether or when to grow and extend to other towns. The method In a book by Harold and Seymour (2012), the Payback time is the period necessary to restore from the outlay of a project. The Payback period of any project or venture is an imperative determinant of whether to try the project, as extended Payback time spans are regularly not appealing for speculative arrangements. Therefore, this is a suitable method for estimating the payback period for a patisserie shop. Focal points of payback period are: Payback time spans are exceptionally uncomplicated to compute. It is an evaluation of risks absolute in an investment project. Given that risks that come about soon after capital injection in the duration of a project or a venture are observed as more dubious, the Payback time span gives a sign of certainty of revenues in a project or venture. For businesses facing liquidity matters, it points a straight arrangement of projects that will return money in a timely manner (Avi, 2010). Weaknesses of the Payback method: Payback method fails to test out the Time Value of Money; this is a real shortcoming because it can prompt erroneous pickings. An array of Payback techniques that tries to expel this shortcoming is known as the reduced or discounted Payback strategy. It does not check the cash flows that are realized following the Payback period (Williams, 2012). Part 3: The Analysis The projected costs and revenues for a pastry shop are shown in the table below. Year Cost Revenue Y 1 $ 50,000 $ 40,000 Y 2 $ 55,000 $ 50,000 Y 3 $ 55,000 $ 70,000 Y 4 $ 60,000 $ 100,000 Y 5 $ 60,000 $ 120,000 As indicated in the table above, the pastry business starts to take off from the third year of operations. This is due to many favorable microeconomic and macroeconomic factors. The fiscal setting include outside components in an industry as well as the overall economy that may affect a venture. The macroeconomic setting affects an entire economy in addition to the larger component of its projects or ventures. Boardman, Reinhart and Celec, (2012) concur that various monetary components carried out as external requirements on a business; this means that an investor has partial management of external factors. The inflation rate in the U.A.E has been rising gradually since 2013 and it is expected to stabilize around 1.50 in the coming years. The CPI is also expected to settle at 150. Price increases in the overall economy have been due to escalating housing and utility cost (The National, 2016). Using sensitivity analysis, investment in a pastry shop in the heart of Dubai would be a good idea because of the low and manageable inflation. Likewise, the interest rates are also low compared to other economies (Gillman, 2013). Briefly, I plan to finance the Patisserie shop through savings in my bank account and donations from friends and family. According to Rogoff (2014), bank loans are not good for a start-up business because it can come with dire consequences, such as high interest rates due to inflationary pressures in an economy. Part 4: Discussions and Recommendations Payback in Capital Budgeting points to the time required to recuperate the resources exhausted in a speculation, or to achieve the Break-even Point (BEP). For illustration, a $ 5000 speculation made toward the beginning of year 1, which returned $500 toward the end of year 1, and year 2 individually would have a two-year payback period. Payback period is generally written in years. Beginning from the first year of a venture by computing Net Income for every year: Net Income Year 1 = Money Inflow Year 1 - Money Outflow Year 1. At that point the Aggregate Income = Net Income Year 1 + Net Income Year 2 + Net Income Year 3, and so on. This is aggregated year on year until the Combined Income is a positive number. Therefore, the positive year in the series is the payback year (Jonathan, 2010). However, the Time Value of Money is hardly checked. In a book by Kent and English, (2011) the Payback method instinctively appraises the point an outlay reaches to "sustain itself. Every single one being equal, a short Payback time span is attractive over long time spans. The Payback method is mostly used in Capital Budgeting due to its handiness regardless of the superficial limit portrayed in this essay. The term is likewise generally utilized as a component of dissimilar sorts of speculation areas, regularly concerning vitality effectiveness, support, or diverse adjustments. For instance, computer hardware might be depicted with a Payback span of a definite era, expecting some costs (Baumann McAllister, 2015). References Avi R., (2010) Capital Budgeting Techniques, The Payback Period, The Net Present Value, The Internal Rate of Return and their Computer Applications, Managerial Finance, Vol. 13 Issue: 10, pp. 11 - 13 Baumann D, McAllister L (2015) Inflation and String theory, Cambridge University Press Boardman, C. M., Reinhart, W. J. and Celec, S. E. (2012), The Role of the Payback Period in the Theory And Application of Duration to Capital Budgeting, Journal of Business Finance Accounting, Vol. 12 Gillman M (2013) Inflation Theory in Economics: Welfare, Velocity, Growth and Business Cycles, Rutledge Harold B. Jr. and Seymour S. (2012) The Capital Budgeting Decision, Ninth Edition: Economic Analysis of Investment Projects, Rutledge Jonathan L (2010) A Dictionary of Accounting, OUP, Oxford Kent B. H and English P. (2011) Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today's Investment Projects, John Wiley Sons Laporte E and Le Tallec P. (2012) Numerical Methods in Sensitivity Analysis and Shape Optimization, Springer Science Business Media Rogoff (2014) Bankable business plans, Thomson Texere. The National (April 2016) Dubais inflation rate cut by lower rents. Retrieved on 23 July 2016 Thomas P. (2014) Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Harvard University Press Williams, J. R. (2012) Financial and Managerial Accounting, McGraw-Hill, p. 1117 Zimmerer, T. (2010) Essentials of entrepreneurship and small business management, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Essay on Dedicated And Generic Marketing Strategies

Questions: Production of the Strategy Challenge provides a substantial opportunity to develop cognitive, intellectual and behavioural skills from individual activities and working withothers in relation to: Identification of a relevant and important business problem or challenge one that has potential for making a difference to the business. Critical analysis and synthesis on the basis of suitable high-level and supporting level strategic analyses. Narrowing a selection of potential strategic options to one suitable option on the basis of appropriate evaluation criteria. Critical and well considered reflection on the managerial implications of the recommended strategic option for the organisation? Answers: Introduction: This documentation is about the strategies using by the company EDF Energy, which is a renowned company in UK. The company supplies gas and electricity to houses and corporate sector in United Kingdom. They have more than 5.6 million customers in the United Kingdom and the number of employees in this Company is more than 13,000. The EDF group is planning some strategies for future development that they may apply within the year of 2030, which might bring a new change in the world. The company use Fossil fuel, Wind energy, Nuclear energy, electricity. The company is also having own coal and power stations. The focus on the mentioned strategies will be beneficial for the future amendments and the profitable approaches for the company. The report will be discussing some of the strategies undertaken by EDF to gain competitive advantage over their major competitors. Section 1: Strategy process and Thinking: Strategy is a framework of activities to be followed by a particular company to achieve long- term goals. The goal is to reach in a point to synergies the optimal flow of resources to the company. It is an identifying, protecting, leveraging and formatting process that the strategic capabilities of a concern through the business purpose and processes and its choice and support of people. So the strategic management in the EDF energy business involves the formulation and the effective implementation based on internal resources of the company and external environment in which the organisation practices. As a result, the firm would be able to better align their resources in comparison to E.ON UK Plc and RWE NPower Holdings Plc. The building block of strategies emphasises five questions, which need to be analysed in the business process. It should be evaluated the existing competitive environment, their operations, organisations own resources and practices, customer identification in the current as well as future scenario, highlight companys unique competing space and last is the alignment of whole acting process together. So the each building block is critically examined though the process is prolonged and highly analytical. It is important to make sense in the business process skilfully to assemble the bigger picture enabling the strategic decisions as required. In the strategic thinking process, the strategic questions are analysed. The questions are those that are relevant for the EDF energy business. The discussion may be addressed anyone of the business blocks or the combined one. There are many questions come into the topic, but the priorities need to set by the management (Summerfield et al, 2015). Managers often get influenced by the irrelevant questionnaires which can be sidelined in the running process. In the Pareto Principles, it suggests that 80% of the effects in the events are come from 20% of the cause. So importance of the strategic questions should be critically examined. But these questions are not static in nature. The changes of the question pattern often occur due to changes of competitive market (Westney, 2011). The competitive environment changes are externally triggered, though the internal factors are also matter of concern for the business process. The strategic questions help to articulate the problem. The questions may be are to break down by sub-questions (Niehaves and Plattfaut, 2011). This is called skilful framing of strategic questionnaires. First, it is needed to identify the business problem and set the questions accordingly. In this way, the sense making of the business process is important. The risks are associated in this process including factors contributing in the complex realities are highly connected. The judicious application of the particular method of strategic analysis is identified as the most important factor. So the strategic thinking needs to be applied. The picture of fulfilment of business goal of EDF energy is completed through business thinking and follows the act accordingly. It directly deals the confidence to apply the right strategy in the long run. Thus, it can be pointed that focusing on internal factors and gauging production risk would help in gaining competitive advantage over E.ON UK Plc and other competitors. Strategy is a discipline that integrates other management discipline in an organization. Sometimes, it supervises the entire strategy providing a framework for the fulfilment of business process and delivers unique supervisor to value the stakeholders. There are many strategies which need to be examined includes operation strategy, strategic human resource management, strategic marketing and strategic leadership. Therefore, placing all strategies in one alignment would be beneficial for EDF and would receive long term gain and competitive benefit. As discussed above, the business sense in the prime focus for optimum results, because strategy is all about ultimate winning which is the business objective of the company (Mane and Niranjan , 2014). The firm engages in a variety of activities to pursuing these objectives. The activities include lot of marketing to maintain the position in the market place, branding, and enable the human resource management. In human resource management, t he process of engaging, retaining and involving the best talent available as strategic resources are analysed. In this process, the over-searching strategies are practiced (Seyfang et al. 2014). There are different level of strategies are involved. The first is corporate strategy based on strategic analysis on the corporate level. The corporation consist of number of operating business units, where each one differentiated by merit analysis. The second strategy is business unit strategy which involves units with various functions (Yongrok Choi, 2012). In connection, for each of the functions, management might analyse a functional strategy. However, the network level also becoming an important aspects in strategy formulation, because companies are into process of coalitions and alliances (Vom Brocke and Sinnl, 2011). So the levels of aggregation in the formulation of level of business strategies are segregated in four levels. The level of organisation is also taking into consideration (Zellner, 2011). On the other hand, it is found that EDF has alliance partnership within the business unit, create a corporation group, maintain an operating unit and send it to functional depart ment. As a result, EDF would be in a position to increase their market position in comparison to tough competitor such as GDF Suez, SNET. Lot of skills are evaluated in these processes like finance accounting, marketing and sales, marketing communications, information management and channelize the existing management in the whole business processes. So the most important factors keep in mind that all relevant level of strategy must align around the core business purposes. At the end, the organisations functional strategy must involve business unit strategy and alignment with corporate level strategy (Wong, 2015). Section 2: Analysis of the EDFs core purpose and strategic Boundary conditions: Core purpose and stakeholder considerations: There are several strategies which the company EDF using from several tear those are the core strategies of EDF such as,- The company is recently lost their weight in the graphite core and the gas-cooled reactors so at first they need to gain their weight in this fields By some headlines in the newspaper, they want to generate more interest in media such as "Safety Regulation Could Be Relaxed to Keep Nuclear Power Station Open." They need to improve the efficiency of the nuclear reaction during operation in seven of their nuclear power station including Hinckley Point where they have two advance Gas-cooled power reactors (Vella and McGonagle 2000). The company need to take care of their power stations that are now out of service The company EDF now looking for the safety concern that is regardless of commercial consideration The company now takes an efficient approach with the stakeholders where they told that they operate their PowerStation with a big margin of safety All the above mentioned points are followed by EDF Energy then it will help them to be at competitive edge. Notion of value and value proposition of EDF: The company EDF has some ICP Value propositions for the programs such as,- They have some technical protocols that are pre-developed and market tested from some program resources The vital strategy is to enhance accuracy for the programs they also looking for the requirement of cost effectiveness Their success in maximizing the programs, stakeholders, and the participants They now using the stander of European-wide to increase the objective of program requirement (Yang and Mallick 2014). The new strategy is to attract the stakeholders including ESCOs, insurance, investor and software vendor They planned to use the standardization of industry which reduce the cost of the company, investor and also the software provider Unique competing space of EDF: This company EDF is successful to gain the competitive advantages by which they can understand the factors and structure of their unique opportunity for creating value, and their unique computing is (Hamilton-Hart and Stringer 2015). The EDF represent that unique competing space has the three unique abilities by which they can fulfill the needs of customers in such a way that the competition failed to do. The company has three boundaries, and the three different boundaries represent three different things the first boundary represent a demarcation line to the competition. The second boundary represents the interface of the company for the market in which the stakeholders and relevant customers include. The internal thresholds are represented in the third boundary. Therefore, upgrading such system on regular interval would be useful for EDF Energy to provide better service and remain ahead of the competitors like GDF Suez or E.ON UK Plc. Figure: Competing space of EDF Source: (Van den Berg 2014) The most subtle boundary is the last boundary, and it is the most critical one. The third boundary mainly represents the internal threshold of the organization in which the company must mobilize their capabilities and their resources with a mobilize manner. The company EDF is also setting a stockpile of resources. The completion mainly exists for the electricity exportation. The company EDF provides the United Kingdom 66 THz per year by which they earn 2.5 billion Euros per year. The impacts of the company EDF depending upon the competition that is a different level from this country to another country. Strategic boundaries of EDF: There are so many restrictions on their planning and strategies that they planned to apply in few years such as,- The company EDF Energy needs to bring an improvement in their Renewable energy sources, to make electric energy from the water, but in the water plant that are already exist in those areas as the measure of the rainfall falling down . The company also not permitted to build the power station in new areas (Buckholtz 2010). The stakeholder of the company are not willing to support their planning and strategies they feel hesitated with their strategies The technical protocols that they think to apply on their projects are not applicable They are not successful to get the enhanced accuracy of the requirement of their programs They think to reduce the expenses for their new project, but it not possible to reduce the expenses because the high rise in the price of raw materials The company EDF can attract the stakeholder, but they are failed to attract the ESCOs and also the investor for the company. The above are the boundaries of the strategies of the company EDF, which are not possible to break within few years. Thus, it can be pointed that if these boundaries are not settled in quick time then it would be quite difficult for EDF Energy to achieve competitive advantage and align their competitive strategies. Analysis of the firms external competitive environment: Analysis of the macroeconomic and business environment In the macroeconomic and business environment of the company, EDF there is some credit risk for the company. The measurement and management of that risk become the area of rapid innovation. The demand for the bank is increased they want more accurate credit risk analysis and sensitive analysis of the loan taken by the EDF (Vella and McGonagle 2000) PESTEL Analysis of EDF Energy: Political-EDF Energy is a big company that has to deal with many political systems in different countries. The company follows government policy and labor law and trade restrictions policy. This helps the company to operate their operation in effective way and as a result, there the company receives better opportunity to have competitive advantage. Economic-EDF Energy is affected by fluctuations in rate of interest, exchange rates, and money value. It is known that EDF energy is a big firm and supplies energy to different regions that helps in earning exchange rates. Therefore, the company also contributes foreign exchange to UKs economy. Moreover, the company rightly and timely pays their tax (Mane and Niranjan, 2014). Social-Norms, culture, religion, and social customs often determine how a business should conduct itself in a particular country or environment. The company rightly understands the needs of their consumers and provides energy so that people can have good life. Technological- EDF Energy also have big amount of resources for their technology. The company highly concentrates on using nuclear power system and wind power system to check carbon footprints and gain quality production. Figure: PESTLE analysis framework Source: (Hamilton-Hart and Stringer, 2015, p.98) Environmental- EDF Energy is involved in many other industries, one being oil and gas. EDF Energy has invested billions of dollars to improve fracking, or drilling, in order to protect the environment. Legal- EDF Energy is involved in over 110 different countries in the world which makes compliance important. Therefore, the company give high preference to health and safety law, right distribution of energy, etc. (Yassien, 2015). Industry-level analysis: The company EDF is in the monopoly market, in the country the United Kingdom there is no other company that supplies the electricity in this country. Therefore, the company rules in the whole United Kingdom but on the outer side of the country there are many competitors of the company EDF. S-curve or industry lifecycle analysis: The S-curve life cycles show the demand and performance of EDF, This Company will move in such phase that is mature; it increases sales of the company that is only possible at the other market shear expenses (Brixiov and gert 2012). On the other hand, it can be pointed that if level of competition from E.ON UK Plc and GDF Suez is higher than there can be high fluctuation in S-curve. It is important for the company that the different phases of lifecycle offer value creation of different opportunities. Analysis of Industry value chain: After analysis the Industry value chain the below result is formed which represent the chain of the company EDF Figure: Industry value chain Source: (Buckholtz 2010) The Porter five forces framework: This framework is very useful for analyzing the market of any Company. This framework successfully analyzes the nature of the company EDF. This framework has four input and two outputs. Figure: Porter five forces framework Source: (Akenbor and Okoye 2011) Threat of new entrants- The Company EDF rule in whole UK because they have no any competitor which can beat them. In UK, EDF is one of the prime suppliers of gas and electricity. Therefore, it will be tough for the new entrants to have edge over the company. Bargain power customer: The customer of EDF energy cannot bargain with them because EDF energy is in the monopoly market and therefore the customers cannot bargain on the price of gas and electricity. Rivalry among existing competitor: The EDF Energy has few rivals in the market. However, the major competitors are E.ON UK Plc and GDF Suez. Treats of substitutes: EDF would not face threat of substitute as there is no near replacement to gas and electricity. Therefore, the company would be in advantage for longer period and will generate profit. Barging power of suppliers: There is a power in the hand of supplier they can easily increase the price of the raw material, if the suppliers do not supply the raw materials then EDF Energy would not be able to product the amount of electricity that is need to provide their customers. Key success factors of EDF: There is several strategies of the company EDF which turns to the key factor for the company such as,- They have some corporate level strategy that provide the main purpose such as the vision, mission of the company They also have some business level strategy, which is another key factor for EDF it comprises how to be successful in a particular market, also know who rule in the market. The last key factor is at the operational level for the company EDF, It analysis the end of the organization where the manager who operate the company take the decisions about the strategies which need for the company those strategies are in Business level. Competitor analysis and competitive intelligence: This company is in the highly competitive market with many competitors; it is difficult for the EDF to track the activities of their competitors. They also have some clustering competitors into teams that also use the similar strategies what they think to use. Some competitors sometimes shear same strategies The company EDF can understand the other company applies the same strategies that appear unsustainable (Chand 2013) These techniques allow the company EDF to consider clues about the competitive landscape and how the competitors are will be in the future Risk management and scenario analysis: It is essential for every company to manage the risk that they can be faced. The management of the company EDF is very good, and they are experienced. The companies always have a backup for the risk they can be faced (Van den Berg 2014). The company takes a board view of risk for the company, also recognize that it can be their internal strategic fault or the operational discussion. The company is in a favorable position under some particular set of circumstances. Internal Basis of Competitiveness Use of RBV The Resource Based View is considered as the approaches for the achievement of the competitive advantage of the firm. In the year of 1980 and 1990, the emergence of Resource Based View took place. Adinolfi et al. (2011) opined that the approaches of the Resource Based View areconcerning the focus on the internal resources of the firm for achieving the competitive advantages. Figure 1: Resource Based View and VRIO Framework (Source: Adinolfi et al. 2011, p.421) As per the RBV components, some of the assets are needed to be defined. The Tangible assets are concerning the physical resources equipment, machineries, lands, etc. On the other hand, Bonardi (2011) defined, Intangible assets are representing the resources, which are not physically present but have the greater value itself. The trade mark of the EDF Energy, the reputation, and the intellectual properties are considered as the intangible resources. The brand name is also being specified in such manner. The Heterogeneous is basically defining the capabilities and skills for maintaining the resources and using them for achieving the competitive advantages. It is to be specified that the innumerable assets lack of the relevant strategies and therefore, the skills are used for managing these assets for the profitable aspects. The immobile asset is focuses on the resources, which are not movable and have the short-run. The intangible resources, the intellectual properties, and the knowled ge of the process are usually considered as the immobile assets. VRIO framework VRIO framework is used as the tools for understanding the proper ways of achieving the competitive advantages. The tool is helpful for the value chain analysis, porters 5 forces analysis, and the PEST analysis of a firm (Buetow and Entwistle, 2011). EDF has been using such tools in considering the resource strength for positioning the business in the global business market. The identification of such analytical aspects is relevant for justifying the market value of the firm. Dynamic Capabilities: It is to be noted that the dynamic capabilities are assuring the ability of the firm while restructuring the use of the strategies as per the changing business environment. The external and the internal competencies are indicating the exact assets and the strategies that are needed for the survival of the company in the competitive market (Gouvea and Vora, 2015). The three dynamic capabilities are assuring the competitive aspects of the firm. EDF has to concentrate on these challenges, which deal with 1) shape and the sense of the threats and market opportunities 2) Seizing the opportunities 3) The maintenance of the competitiveness by enhancing, reconfiguring, protecting, combining, and managing the intangible and intangible resources The modification of such specification is assuring the market positioning by concerning the market opportunities and competitive scenario. Value Chain Analysis of EDF It is to be notified that EDF invests a good amount of the money while supplying the goods and services to different business operational managements. The investments are indicating the greater value of the business in considering the safety and securities for the business. Helfat and Peteraf (2014) pointed out that in assuring the safe and safety business dealings, the firm has to concentrate on the basic requirements of the stakeholders. The mergers with the broader organisations enhance the assurance of the safe and security purposes. The value chain is thus indicating the sustainable business partnership for concerning the competition in the global business market. However, it is to be indicated that the process of supplier qualification can contain the risk assessment while delivering the services (Liu, 2011). EDF is concentrating on such aspects for generating more revenue by confirming the safety approaches to the other business organisations. Informal and Formal Organisation The formal organisation is referring the structure, which is created by the management for the achievement of the organizational goals. The network channels are assuring the responsibilities of the authorities by communicating with the employees (Holder and Zhao, 2014). On the contrary, the informal organizational structure is ensuring the interactive nature of the work forces as per the social and psychological concerns. The informal organisation method is justifying the human relationship and the friendship relation maintaining with the co-workers. It is to be noted that the group performances are effective enough while achieving the organisational objectives. Therefore, it is very much useful to maintain a formal process and the cooperative nature among the subordinates for ensuring the organizational success. Strategic choices and options: Generic Strategies The formation of the generic strategy is effective and fruitful for EDF for achieving the competitive advantages in the global market. The generic strategies are indicating several aspects, such as Cost Leadership Strategies, Differentiation Strategy, cost focus strategy, and differentiation focus Strategy. Figure 2: Generic Strategy (Source: Nandakumar et al. 2011, p.223) Cost leadership strategies are used for the achievement of the competitive advantage by developing the edges. The strategy is beneficial in keeping the low cost of the products while demanding the average price from the other business (Nandakumar et al. 2011). The strategy enhances the market share as well. On the other hand, the differentiation strategy is focused on the innovation, development, and the market research. The focus strategy is depending in the market positions and building the market segments. The implementation of such strategy will be beneficial for EDF in strengthening the competitive position in the business market. Ansoff Matrix: It is to be specified that EDF needs to implement the Ansoff Growth Matrix for the enhancements of the energy products. The development if the business is also concerned accordingly. Figure 3: Ansoff Matrix (Source: Holopainen and Toivonen, 2012, p.200) As per the matrix, the market penetration has signified the development that the company needs to initiate for enhancing the sales level of the existing products (Moussetis, 2011). On the contrary, the product development is introducing the new market products for the development of the business in the market. The Diversification is generating the idea of offering new products for assuring the profitability. Holopainen and Toivonen, (2012) implied that this development and the offerings of the products are ensuring the market development in a broader area. The consumption and the delivery of the products are thus assuring the relevant use of the strategies, which can strengthen the business position more specifically. Diversification Strategies The Ansoff matrix is highlighting the necessity of the diversification strategy, which is divided into several aspects. The strategy is depended on the consistency with the resources for achieving the objectives of the firm. The three types of diversification strategies are the horizontal diversification, concentric diversification, and the conglomerate diversification. Concentric diversification: The concentric diversification is pointing out the use of the similar technological equipment in different industries. The firm has to assure the uses for implementing any strategies concerned in the amendments of the technological diversification (Wajcik, 2015). It enhances the market share for a new product launch. Horizontal Diversification In specifying the horizontal diversification, the company is adding market products for enhancing the business values and strengthening the competitive market position more profoundly. It has been seen that of the new products are more demanding for the higher quality assurance; it collects more amount of the revenues in every aspect. The company can be benefitted by launching the new products. Conglomerate Diversification In such types of diversification, the companyincorporates new market products, which have the greater value itself. It is to be noted that these types of the products do not associate with the technological or any commercial strategies. However, it is also very much indicative that the implementation of such diversification strategies can sometimes be too risky for the company, as this does not maintain any proper relationship with the current market segmentation. The collaboration of such diversification strategies can sometimes be more beneficial in determining the profitability assurance of the company. However, the company even has to focus on the relevant ways of implementing such strategies by concerning the risk assessment. Evaluation of the Strategic Option The evaluation of the strategic option is considering several features, which are needed to be maintained. These components are validity, consistency, business risks, feasibility, and flexibility. Validity It is to be ensured that while assuming about the strategic option, the firm should validate the option, as these include future business environment (Wajcik, 2015). Thebusiness competition is very much focused accordingly. Consistency The alternatives in strategic marketing should be focused on the firms mission, vision, and values. The maintenance of the consistency in choosing the options is very much essential. Business Risks In assuring the return of the business, the risk assessment is visible. Yassien (2015) notified that every strategic option include the risks, and therefore, the firms have to deal with such risks accordingly. Feasibility While choosing the strategic option, the firm has to concentrate on the feasibility aspects. In determining the achievement of the companys mission and vision, the feasible aspects are needed to be justified. Flexibility As the business world is rapidly changing, the firm has to maintain the flexibility for adjusting with the different working environment. The maintenance of the flexibility is thus effective enough in meeting the needs of the repetitive changing world. Recommendation: It is to be indicated that the EDF Energy occupies a significant position in the global market. However, the market challenges are very much prominent and concerned. The firm needs to cut down the excessive cost related to the production of gas and electricity. It will help in saving capital and investing in renewable source of energy for producing electricity. The implementation of the effective strategies is considering the innovative ideas to enhance the profitable aspects of the company. The PESTEL analysis is focused on the different factors, which may affect the business. The concentration of such factors will be effective enough in considering the business progress and fix their target customers as well as target markets. The value chain analysis is indicating the safety and the secure business dealings, which are needed to be improved for the future prospects. The firm has to do risk assessment before applying the strategies as it will help them to organize their activities i n much better way. The risk analysis will be ensuring the required rectification in the business establishment process. While structuring the business process, it is very much important to concentrate on the available resources, which will be assessing the profitability in the business. Therefore, managing the resources can be taken as one of the main criteria in considering the business profitability. EDF Energy has to acquire more resource-based structure for ensuring the skilled business dealings for the future progress. The effective evaluation of the cost leadership and diversification strategies can even enhance the business profitability. If EDF Energy can keep the eyes on the costing structure of the products or the service and can offer the dealers with an average cost. In such manner, the company can earn the profit in return of investing the money. On the other hand, the maintenance of validity, consistency, business risks, feasibility, and flexibility will be beneficial for considering the future profitability of the business. Overall, it can be mentioned that the concentration of such are as will be effective enough in considering the strengthened business position in the global environment. Conclusion: The entire discussion can conclude the structure of strategies which comprises five sections. The examination of the business scenario, it is required to know the business strategy first which may be appropriate for the business plan. 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